+ Post new Ad
?BOOK:PALKO'S MEDICAL LABORATORY TESTING PROCEDURES 3RD ED,PATHOLOGY PRINCIPLES?, US $780 – Picture 0
?BOOK:PALKO'S MEDICAL LABORATORY TESTING PROCEDURES 3RD ED,PATHOLOGY PRINCIPLES?, US $780 – Picture 1
?BOOK:PALKO'S MEDICAL LABORATORY TESTING PROCEDURES 3RD ED,PATHOLOGY PRINCIPLES?, US $780 – Picture 0
?BOOK:PALKO'S MEDICAL LABORATORY TESTING PROCEDURES 3RD ED,PATHOLOGY PRINCIPLES?, US $780 – Picture 1

?book:palko's Medical Laboratory Testing Procedures 3rd Ed,pathology Principles?

US $780

  • Canton, Massachusetts, United States
  • Jan 30th
Open on mobile:
QR code
BOOK:PALKO'S MEDICAL LABORATORY TESTING PROCEDURES 3RD ED,PATHOLOGY PRINCIPLES Palko's Medical Laboratory Procedures 3rd edition excellent condition! Palko's Medical Laboratory Procedures by Danielle Wilken and Phyllis Cox (2010, Paperback)Additional Information about Palko's Medical Laboratory Procedures by Danielle Wilken and Phyllis Cox (2010, Paperback) Certain data records © 2014 Bowker. Rights in cover images reserved by owners. SynopsisPalko's Medical Laboratory Procedures,third edition, teaches the theory, principles, and pathology behind testing procedures for laboratory personnel. This is a competency-based textbook and reference that also functions as a workbook and laboratory manual by providing Procedure Competency Checklists for a step-by-step guide to proper protocol. Safety and total quality assurance have been emphasized throughout the text and current HIPAA regulations are introduced when appropriate to the laboratory setting. It is current in the new lab procedures set by CLIA and OSHA, Universal Precautions, and quality control. The more knowledgeable the lab personnel and accuracy of the test results, the greater the care provided to the patient. Palko's Medical Laboratory Procedurescombines theory with hands-on practice of the procedures most frequently performed in the physician's office laboratory. Learning to perform basic tests manually gives students a clear understanding of the theory behind the test, as well as an understanding of how the automated laboratory equipment works. It is current in the new lab procedures set by CLIA and OSHA, Universal Precautions, and quality control. It is written in a friendly and easy-to-understand format.. Item specifics Condition:  Brand New: A new, unread, unused book in perfect condition with no missing or damaged pages. See the seller’s ... Read more ISBN-10:  0073401951 Format:  Trade Paper ISBN-13:  9780073401959 Publication Year:  2010 Author:  Danielle Wilken, Phyllis Cox Language:  English ISBN:  9780073401959 Detailed item info Synopsis Palko's Medical Laboratory Procedures,third edition, teaches the theory, principles, and pathology behind testing procedures for laboratory personnel. This is a competency-based textbook and reference that also functions as a workbook and laboratory manual by providing Procedure Competency Checklists for a step-by-step guide to proper protocol. Safety and total quality assurance have been emphasized throughout the text and current HIPAA regulations are introduced when appropriate to the laboratory setting. It is current in the new lab procedures set by CLIA and OSHA, Universal Precautions, and quality control. The more knowledgeable the lab personnel and accuracy of the test results, the greater the care provided to the patient. Palko's Medical Laboratory Procedures combines theory with hands-on practice of the procedures most frequently performed in the physician's office laboratory. Learning to perform basic tests manually gives students a clear understanding of the theory behind the test, as well as an understanding of how the automated laboratory equipment works. It is current in the new lab procedures set by CLIA and OSHA, Universal Precautions, and quality control. It is written in a friendly and easy-to-understand format.. Product Identifiers ISBN-10 0073401951 ISBN-13 9780073401959 Key Details Author Danielle Wilken, Phyllis Cox Number Of Pages 480 pages Format Paperback Publication Date 2010-01-18 Language English Publisher McGraw-Hill Higher Education Additional Details Edition Number 3 Copyright Date 2011 Illustrated Yes Dimensions Weight 33.4 Oz Height 0.6 In. Width 8.6 In. Length 10.9 In. Target Audience Group College Audience Classification Method LCCN 2009-019121 LC Classification Number RB38.2.C69 2011 Dewey Decimal 616.07/56 Dewey Edition 22 Table Of Content Table Of Content Unit 1: Introduction of the Physician's Office Laboratory Chapter 1: Safety in the Laboratory Chapter 2: The Microscope Chapter 3: Math in the POL Chapter 4: Statistics in the POL Chapter 5: Quality Assurance and Quality Control Chapter 6: Recordkeeping in the POL Unit 2: Urinalysis Chapter 7: Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System Chapter 8: Collection and Preservation of the Urine Specimen Chapter 9: Physical and Chemical Properties of the Urinalysis Chapter 10: Microscopic Properties of the Urinalysis Unit 3: Blood Collection Chapter 11: Routine Venipuncture Chapter 12: Advanced Venipuncture Techniques Unit 4: Hematology Chapter 13: Hemoglobin and Hematocrit: Manual Procedures Chapter 14: White Blood Cell Count and Red Blood Cell Count: Manual Hematological Procedures Chapter 15: Differential White Blood Cell Count: Manual Procedure Chapter 16: Automated Hematology and Quality Control Chapter 17: Advanced Hematology Procedures Chapter 18: Blood Coagulation Unit 5: Blood Chemistry Chapter 19: Blood Glucose: Measurement and Monitoring Chapter 20: Chemistry Testing Unit 6: Immunology and Microbiology Chapter 21: Immunology Tests Chapter 22: Microbiology Appendices: Appendix A: Standard Precautions and Other Laboratory Safety Information Appendix B: OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard Appendix C: Sample Blood and Body Fluid Exposure Report Form Appendix D: CLIA's Levels of Certification Appendix E: Preparing the POL for Inspection Appendix F: Example of Laboratory Requisition Form Appendix G: Blood Chemistry Tests Arranged by Profiles or Panels Appendix H: Reference Values of Common Laboratory Tests Appendix I: Vocabulary of the Clinical Laboratory SOME GENERAL INFO ABOUT Laboratories From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the German Wikipedia. (September 2013) Click [show] on the right to read important instructions before translating.[show] A medical laboratory run by the Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology of China Medical University (Taiwan) Molecular Biology Technics Laboratory at Faculty of Biology of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan A workbench in a chemistry laboratory The Schuster Laboratory, University of Manchester (a physics laboratory) A laboratory (/l?'b?r?t?ri/ or /'laeb?r?tri/; informally, lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Labs used for scientific research take many forms because of the differing requirements of specialists in the various fields of science and engineering. A physics lab might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while a metallurgy lab could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength. A chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory, while a psychologist's lab might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used by computer scientists, computers (sometimes supercomputers) are used for either simulations or the analysis of data collected elsewhere. Scientists in other fields will use still other types of laboratories. Engineers use labs as well to design, build, and test technological devices. Despite the great differences among laboratories, some features are common. The use of workbenches or countertops at which scientists may choose to either sit or stand is a common way to ensure comfortable working conditions. Cabinets for the storage of laboratory equipment are also found in laboratories. It is traditional for a scientist to record an experiment's progress in a laboratory notebook, but modern labs almost always contain at least one computer workstation for data collection and analysis. Scientific laboratories can be found in schools and universities, in industry, in government or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft. A laboratory might offer work space for just one to more than thirty researchers depending on its size and purpose. Recently, a new type of laboratory called Open Laboratory has emerged.[when?] Its format allows the sharing of space, equipment, support staff between different research groups and also fosters information exchange through communications across fields. There is also an open source lab, which is a lab that is made up of open source scientific hardware.[1][2] Contents  [hide] 1 History 2 Techniques 3 Equipment 4 Specialised types 5 Safety 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History[edit] [icon] This section requires expansion. (February 2013) Chemistry laboratory of the 18th century, of the sort used by Antoine Lavoisier and his contemporaries   Thomas Edison in his laboratory, 1901   A laboratory in the 1970s Techniques[edit] Laboratory techniques are the sum of procedures used on natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, physics in order to conduct an experiment, all of them follow scientific method; while some of them involves the use of complex laboratory equipment from laboratory glassware to electrical devices others require such specific or expensive supplies. Equipment[edit] Three beakers, an Erlenmeyer flask, a graduated cylinder and a volumetric flask Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. These include tools such as Bunsen burners, and microscopes as well as specialty equipment such as operant conditioning chambers, spectrophotometers and calorimeters. Another important type of laboratory equipment is laboratory glassware such as the beaker or reagent bottle, or even a thermometer. Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data. Larger or more sophisticated equipment is generally called a scientific instrument. Specialised types[edit] The title of laboratory is also used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories. These notably include: film laboratory or darkroom clandestine lab for the production of illegal drugs computer lab crime lab used to process crime scene evidence media lab medical lab (involves handling of chemical compounds) public health lab In recent years government and private centers for innovation in learning, leadership and organization have adopted "lab" in their name to emphasize the experimental and research-oriented nature of their work. Safety[edit] An eyewash station in a laboratory. In some laboratories, the conditions are no more dangerous than in any other room. In many labs, though, hazards are present. Laboratory hazards are as varied as the subjects of study in laboratories, and might include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive, or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, strong magnetic fields or high voltage. In laboratories where dangerous conditions might exist, safety precautions are important. Rules exist to minimize the individual's risk, and safety equipment is used to protect the lab user from injury or to assist in responding to an emergency. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has tailored a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often referred to as the "Laboratory Standard". Under this standard, a laboratory is required to produce a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) which addresses the specific hazards found in its location, and its approach to them. In determining the proper Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular business or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, evaluation of the current safety, health and environmental practices and assessment of the hazards. The CHP must be reviewed annually. Many schools and businesses employ safety, health, and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) to develop, manage, and evaluate their CHP. Additionally, third party review is also used to provide an objective "outside view" which provides a fresh look at areas and problems that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit. Inspections and audits like also be conducted on a regular basis to assess hazards due to chemical handling and storage, electrical equipment, biohazards, hazardous waste management, chemical waste, housekeeping and emergency preparedness, radiation safety, ventilation as well as respiratory testing and indoor air quality. An important element of such audits is the review of regulatory compliance and the training of individuals who have access to and/or work in the laboratory. Training is critical to the ongoing safe operation of the laboratory facility. Educators, staff and management must be engaged in working to reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries and potential litigation. Efforts are made to ensure laboratory safety videos are both relevant and engaging.[3] See also[edit] Chemical accident Contamination control Controlled lab reactor Environmental health Fume hood to limit exposure to hazardous or toxic fumes, vapors or dusts Hackspace ISO/IEC 17025 Lab website Workshop References[edit] Jump up ^ Joshua M. Pearce,Open-Source Lab:How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs, Elsevier, 2014. ISBN: 9780124104624 Jump up ^ Joshua M. Pearce, “Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware.” Science 337 (6100): 1303–1304 (2012). Jump up ^ Michael L. Matson, Jeffrey P. Fitzgerald, Shirley Lin (October 1, 2007). "Creating Customized, Relevant, and Engaging Laboratory Safety Videos". Journal of Chemical Education 84 (10): 1727. Bibcode:2007JChEd..84.1727M. doi:10.1021/ed084p1727. Retrieved 22 February 2013. External links[edit]  The dictionary definition of laboratory at Wiktionary  Media related to Laboratory at Wikimedia Commons Nobel Laureates Interactive 360° Laboratories [show] v t e Laboratory equipment Categories: Laboratories ------------------------------------ SOME GENERAL INFO ABOUT Current Procedural Terminology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code set is a medical code set maintained by the American Medical Association through the CPT Editorial Panel.[1] The CPT code set (copyright protected by the AMA) describes medical, surgical, and diagnostic services and is designed to communicate uniform information about medical services and procedures among physicians, coders, patients, accreditation organizations, and payers for administrative, financial, and analytical purposes. New editions are released each October.[2] The current version is the CPT 2014. It is available in both a standard edition and a professional edition.[3][4] CPT coding is similar to ICD-9 and ICD-10 coding, except that it identifies the services rendered rather than the diagnosis on the claim. ICD code sets also contain procedure codes but these are only used in the inpatient setting.[5] CPT is currently identified by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)[6] as Level 1 of the Health Care Procedure Coding System. The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) was developed by the American Medical Association (AMA).[6] Contents  [hide] 1 Types of code 1.1 Category I 1.1.1 Codes for evaluation and management: 99201–99499 1.1.2 Codes for anesthesia: 00100–01999; 99100–99150 1.1.3 Codes for surgery: 10021–69990 1.1.4 Codes for Radiology: 70010-79999 1.1.5 Codes for pathology and laboratory: 80047–89398 1.1.6 Codes for medicine: 90281–99099; 99151–99199; 99500–99607 1.2 Category II 1.3 Category III 2 Major psychotherapy revisions 3 Copyright 3.1 Limited CPT search offered by the AMA 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Types of code[edit] There are three types of CPT code: Category I, Category II, and Category III. Category I[edit] Category I CPT Code(s). There are six main sections:[7] Codes for evaluation and management: 99201–99499[edit] (99201–99215) Office/other outpatient services (99217–99220) Hospital observation services (99221–99239) Hospital inpatient services (99241–99255) Consultations (99281–99288) Emergency department services (99291–99292) Critical care services (99304–99318) Nursing facility services (99324–99337) Domiciliary, rest home (boarding home) or custodial care services (99339–99340) Domiciliary, rest home (assisted living facility), or home care plan oversight services (99341–99350) Home health services (99354–99360) Prolonged services (99363–99368) Case management services (99374–99380) Care plan oversight services (99381–99429) Preventive medicine services (99441–99444) Non-face-to-face physician services (99450–99456) Special evaluation and management services (99460–99465) Newborn care services (99466–99480) Inpatient neonatal intensive, and pediatric/neonatal critical, care services (99487–99489) Complex chronic care coordination services (99495–99496) Transitional care management services (99499) Other evaluation and management services Codes for anesthesia: 00100–01999; 99100–99150[edit] (00100–00222) head (00300–00352) neck (00400–00474) thorax (00500–00580) intrathoracic (00600–00670) spine and spinal cord (00700–00797) upper abdomen (00800–00882) lower abdomen (00902–00952) perineum (01112–01190) pelvis (except hip) (01200–01274) upper leg (except knee) (01320–01444) knee and popliteal area (01462–01522) lower leg (below knee) (01610–01682) shoulder and axillary (01710–01782) upper arm and elbow (01810–01860) forearm, wrist and hand (01916–01936) radiological procedures (01951–01953) burn excisions or debridement (01958–01969) obstetric (01990–01999) other procedures (99100–99140) qualifying circumstances for anesthesia (99143–99150) moderate (conscious) sedation Codes for surgery: 10021–69990[edit] (10021–10022) general (10040–19499) integumentary system (20000–29999) musculoskeletal system (30000–32999) respiratory system (33010–37799) cardiovascular system (38100–38999) hemic and lymphatic systems (39000–39599) mediastinum and diaphragm (40490–49999) digestive system (50010–53899) urinary system (54000–55899) male genital system (55920–55980) reproductive system and intersex (56405–58999) female genital system (59000–59899) maternity care and delivery (60000–60699) endocrine system (61000–64999) nervous system (65091–68899) eye and ocular adnexa (69000–69979) auditory system Codes for Radiology: 70010-79999[edit] (70010–76499) diagnostic imaging (76506–76999) diagnostic ultrasound (77001–77032) radiologic guidance (77051–77059) breast mammography (77071–77084) bone/joint studies (77261–77799) radiation oncology (78000–79999) nuclear medicine Codes for pathology and laboratory: 80047–89398[edit] (80047–80076) organ or disease-oriented panels (80100–80103) drug testing (80150–80299) therapeutic drug assays (80400–80440) evocative/suppression testing (80500–80502) consultations (clinical pathology) (81000–81099) urinalysis (82000–84999) chemistry (85002–85999) hematology and coagulation (86000–86849) immunology (86850–86999) transfusion medicine (87001–87999) microbiology (88000–88099) anatomic pathology (postmortem) (88104–88199) cytopathology (88230–88299) cytogenetic studies (88300–88399) surgical pathology (88720–88741) in vivo (transcutaneous) lab procedures (89049–89240) other procedures (89250–89398) reproductive medicine procedures Codes for medicine: 90281–99099; 99151–99199; 99500–99607[edit] (90281–90399) immune globulins, serum or recombinant prods (90465–90474) immunization administration for vaccines/toxoids (90476–90749) vaccines, toxoids (90801–90899) psychiatry (90901–90911) biofeedback (90935–90999) dialysis (91000–91299) gastroenterology (92002–92499) ophthalmology (92502–92700) special otorhinolaryngologic services (92950–93799) cardiovascular (93875–93990) noninvasive vascular diagnostic studies (94002–94799) pulmonary (95004–95199) allergy and clinical immunology (95250–95251) endocrinology (95803–96020) neurology and neuromuscular procedures (96101–96125) central nervous system assessments/tests (neuro-cognitive, mental status, speech testing) (96150–96155) health and behavior assessment/intervention (96360–96549) hydration, therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic injections and infusions, and chemotherapy and other highly complex drug or highly complex biologic agent administration (96567–96571) photodynamic therapy (96900–96999) special dermatological procedures (97001–97799) physical medicine and rehabilitation (97802–97804) medical nutrition therapy (97810–97814) acupuncture (98925–98929) osteopathic manipulative treatment (98940–98943) chiropractic manipulative treatment (98960–98962) education and training for patient self-management (98966–98969) non-face-to-face nonphysician services (99000–99091) special services, procedures and reports (99170–99199) other services and procedures (99500–99602) home health procedures/services (99605–99607) medication therapy management services Category II[edit] Category II codes are reviewed by the Performance Measures Advisory Group (PMAG), an advisory body to the CPT Editorial Panel and the CPT/HCPAC Advisory Committee. The PMAG is composed of performance measurement experts representing the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the American Medical Association (AMA), the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement. The PMAG may seek additional expertise and/or input from other national health care organizations, as necessary, for the development of Category II codes. These may include national medical specialty societies, other national health care professional associations, accrediting bodies and federal regulatory agencies. Category II codes make use of an alphabetical character as the 5th character in the string (i.e., 4 digits followed by the letter F). These digits are not intended to reflect the placement of the code in the regular (Category I) part of the CPT codebook. Appendix H in CPT section contains information about performance measurement exclusion of modifiers, measures, and the measures' source(s). Currently there are 11 Category II codes. They are: (0001F-0015F) Composite measures (0500F-0575F) Patient management (1000F-1220F) Patient history (2000F-2050F) Physical examination (3006F-3573F) Diagnostic/screening processes or results (4000F-4306F) Therapeutic, preventive or other interventions (5005F-5100F) Follow-up or other outcomes (6005F-6045F) Patient safety (7010F-7025F) Structural Measures CPT II codes are billed in the procedure code field, just as CPT Category I codes are billed. CPT II codes describe clinical components usually included in evaluation and management or clinical services and are not associated with any relative value. Therefore, CPT II codes are billed with a $0.00 billable charge amount.[8] Category III[edit] Category III CPT Code(s) – Emerging technology (Category III codes: 0016T-0207T[9]) Major psychotherapy revisions[edit] The CPT code revisions that affect counselors are simple and straightforward. Here is a list of psychotherapy CPT codes that will be retired, and their 2013 comparables: 90801 –> \ Family therapy codes (90847 and 90846) will remain unchanged, as will codes for psychological testing.[10] Copyright[edit] CPT is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association. The AMA holds the copyright for the CPT coding system.[11] This was upheld in Practice Management v. American Medical Association. Despite the copyrighted nature of the CPT code sets, the use of the code is mandated by almost all health insurance payment and information systems, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and HIPAA, and the data for the code sets appears in the Federal Register. As a result, it is necessary for most users of the CPT code (principally providers of services) to pay license fees for access to the code.[12] Limited CPT search offered by the AMA[edit] The AMA offers a limited search of the CPT manual for personal, non-commercial use on its web site.[13] See also[edit] Medical classification Procedure code ICD-9 ICD-10-PCS HCPCS Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee External links[edit] Official site by the AMA Description of the three sections[dead link] from the AMA CPT® Process – How a Code Becomes a Code from the AMA QandA[dead link] from the American Academy of Family Physicians [hide] v t e Medical classification Topographical codes  TA TH TE SNOMED T axis MeSH A axis Diagnostic codes  general:  ICD-10 ICD-9 ICPC-2 NANDA Read codes SNOMED D axis specialized:  ICD-O ICSD ICHD ILDS DSM-IV BPA Procedural codes  HCPCS (CPT, Level 2) ICD-10 PCS ICD-9-CM Volume 3 NIC SNOMED P axis OPS-301 Read codes/OPCS-4 CCAM ICHI LOINC Pharmaceutical codes  ATC NDC SNOMED C axis DIN Outcomes codes  NOC Categories: Medical manuals American Medical Association --------------------- SOME GENERAL INFO ABOUT Medical classification From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Medical coding) Medical classification, or medical coding, is the process of transforming descriptions of medical diagnoses and procedures into universal medical code numbers. The diagnoses and procedures are usually taken from a variety of sources within the health care record, such as the transcription of the physician's notes, laboratory results, radiologic results, and other sources. Diagnosis codes are used to track diseases and other health conditions, inclusive of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease, and contagious diseases such as norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot. These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by government health programs, private health insurance companies, workers' compensation carriers and others. Medical classification systems are used for a variety of applications in medicine, public health and medical informatics, including: statistical analysis of diseases and therapeutic actions reimbursement; e.g., based on diagnosis-related groups knowledge-based and decision support systems direct surveillance of epidemic or pandemic outbreaks There are country specific standards and international classification systems. Contents  [hide] 1 Classification types 2 WHO Family of International Classifications 2.1 Reference classifications 2.2 Derived classifications 2.3 Related classifications 3 Other medical classifications 3.1 Diagnosis 3.2 Procedure 3.3 Other 3.3.1 Library classification that have medical components 4 ICD, SNOMED and Electronic Health Record (EHR) 4.1 What is SNOMED? 4.2 What is ICD? 4.3 SNOMED CT vs ICD 4.4 Data Mapping of SNOMED and ICD 5 Clinical Coding in Australia 5.1 What is clinical coding? 5.2 What does clinical coder do? 5.3 What is coded data used for? 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classification types[edit] Many different medical classifications exist, though they occur into two main groupings: Statistical classifications and Nomenclatures. A statistical classification brings together similar clinical concepts and groups them into categories. The number of categories is limited so that the classification does not become too big. An example of this is used by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (known as ICD). ICD groups diseases of the circulatory system into one "chapter," known as Chapter IX, covering codes I00–I99. One of the codes in this chapter (I47.1) has the code title (rubric) Supraventricular tachycardia. However, there are several other clinical concepts that are also classified here. Among them are paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, paroxysmal junctional tachycardia, auricular tachycardia and nodal tachycardia. Another feature of statistical classifications is the provision of residual categories for "other" and "unspecified" conditions that do not have a specific category in the particular classification. In a nomenclature there is a separate listing and code for every clinical concept. So, in the previous example, each of the tachycardia listed would have its own code. This makes nomenclatures unwieldy for compiling health statistics. Types of coding systems specific to health care include: Diagnostic codes -Are used to determine diseases, disorders, and symptoms -Can be used to measure morbidity and mortality Examples: ICD-9-CM, ICD-10 Procedural codes -They are numbers or alphanumeric codes used to identify specific health interventions taken by medical professionals. Examples: ICPM, ICHI Pharmaceutical codes -Are used to identify medications Examples: AT, NDC Topographical codes -Are codes that indicate a specific location in the body Examples :ICD-O, SNOMED WHO Family of International Classifications[edit] The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data.[1] This "Family of International Classifications" (FIC) include three main (or reference) classifications on basic parameters of health prepared by the organization and approved by the World Health Assembly for international use, as well as a number of derived and related classifications providing additional details. Some of these international standards have been revised and adapted by various countries for national use. Reference classifications[edit] International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)[2] ICD-9 (9th revision, published in 1977) ICD-9-CM (Clinical Modification, used in the US) ICD-10 (10th revision, in use by WHO since 1994) ICD-10-CM (Clinical Modification, used in the US) ICD-10-PCS (Procedure Coding System, used in the US) ICD-10-CA (used for morbidity classification in Canada).[3] ICD-10-AM (used in Australia and New Zealand)[4] EUROCAT - an extension of the ICD-10 Q chapter for congenital disorders International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) (previously known as International Classification of Procedures in Medicine)[5] Derived classifications[edit] Derived classifications are based on the WHO reference classifications (i.e. ICD and ICF).[1] They include the following: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3) ICD-10 for Mental and Behavioural Disorders[6] Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology, 3rd Edition (ICD-DA)[7] Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Neurology (ICD-10-NA)[8] Related classifications[edit] Related classifications in the WHO-FIC are those that partially refer to the reference classifications, e.g. only at specific levels.[1] They include: International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)[9] ICPC-2 PLUS International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI)[10] Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Defined Daily Doses (ATC/DDD) Technical aids for persons with disabilities: Classification and terminology (ISO9999)[11] International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP)[12] Other medical classifications[edit] Diagnosis[edit] The categories in a diagnosis classification classify [ and medical signs. In addition to the ICD and its national variants, they include: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) DSM-IV Codes International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition (ICHD-II)[13] International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, database of genetic codes Read codes Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms (SNoMed-CT) Procedure[edit] The categories in a procedure classification classify specific health interventions undertaken by health professionals. In addition to the ICHI and ICPC, they include: Australian Classification of Health Interventions (ACHI) Canadian Classification of Health Interventions (CCI)[14] Chinese Classification of Heath Interventions (CCHI) Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Health Care Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys Classification of Surgical Operations and Procedures (OPCS-4) Other[edit] Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals (CPR) Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC), standard for identifying medical laboratory observations Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) List of MeSH codes Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) TIME-ITEM, ontology of topics in medical education TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Victoria Ambulatory Coding System (VACS) / Queensland Ambulatory Coding System (QACS), Australia[citation needed] Library classification that have medical components[edit] Dewey Decimal System and Universal Decimal Classification (section 610–620) National Library of Medicine classification ICD, SNOMED and Electronic Health Record (EHR)[edit] What is SNOMED?[edit] The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) is the most widely recognised nomenclature in healthcare.[15] Its current version, SNOMED Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), is intended to provide a set of concepts and relationships that offers a common reference point for comparison and aggregation of data about the health care process.[16] SNOMED CT is often described as a reference terminology.[17] SNOMED CT contains more than 311,000 active concepts with unique meanings and formal logic-based definitions organised into hierarchies.[16] SNOMED CT can be used by anyone with an Affiliate License, 40 low income countries defined by the World Bank or qualifying research, humanitarian and charitable projects.[16] SNOMED-CT is designed to be managed by computer, and it is a complex relationship concepts.[15] What is ICD?[edit] The International Classification of Disease (ICD) is the most widely recognized medical classification maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO).[18] Its primary purpose is to categorise diseases for morbidity and mortality reporting. The United States has used a clinical modification of ICD (ICD-9-CM) for the additional purposes of reimbursement. ICD-10 was endorsed by WHO in 1990, and WHO Member states began using the classification system in 1994 for both morbidity and mortality reporting. In the US, however, it has only been used for reporting mortality since 1999. Because of the US delay in adopting its version of ICD-10, it is currently unable to compare morbidity data with the rest of the world. ICD has a hierarchical structure, and coding in this context, is the term applied when representations are assigned to the words they represent.[18] Coding diagnoses and procedures is the assignment of codes from a code set that follows the rules of the underlying classification or other coding guidelines. SNOMED CT vs ICD[edit] SNOMED CT and ICD are designed for different purposes and each should each be used for the purposes for which it was designed.[19] As a core terminology for the EHR, SNOMED CT provides a common language that enables a consistent language that enables a consistent way of capturing, sharing, and aggregating health data across specialties and sites of care.[20] It is highly detailed terminology designed for input not reporting. Classification systems such as ICD-9-CM, ICD-10-CM, and ICD-10-PCS group together similar diseases and procedures and organise related entities for easy retrieval.[20] They are typically used for external reporting requirements or other uses where data aggregation is advantageous, such as measuring the quality of care monitoring resource utilisation, or processing claims for reimbursement. SNOMED is clinically-based, document whatever is needed for patient care and has better clinical coverage than ICD. ICD’s focus is statistical with less common diseases get lumped together in “catch-all” categories, which result in loss of information. SNOMED CT is used directly by healthcare providers during the process of care, whereas ICD is used by coding professionals after the episode of care. SNOMED CT had multiple hierarchy, whereas single hierarchy for ICD. SNOMED CT concepts are defined logically by their attributes, whereas only textual rules and definitions in ICD.[20] Data Mapping of SNOMED and ICD[edit] SNOMED and ICD can be coordinated. The National Library of Medicine (NLM) maps ICD-9-CM, ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and other classification systems to SNOMED.[21] Data Mapping is the process of identifying relationships between two distinct data models. The full value of the health information contained in an EHR system will only be realised if both systems involved in the map are up to date and accurately reflect the current practice of medicine.[18] Clinical Coding in Australia[edit] Medical coding and classification systems are expected to become increasingly important in the health care sector. Together with and as an integrated part of the electronic health information systems, the coding and classification systems will be used to improve the quality and effectiveness of the medical services.[22] What is clinical coding?[edit] Clinical coding is the translation of written, scanned and/or electronic clinical documentation about patient care into code format. For example, hypertension is represented by the code 'I10'; general anaethesia is represented by the code'92514-XX[1910]'. A standardised classification system, The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM), is applied in all Australian acute health facilities. It is based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) ICD-10 system, updated with the Australian Classification of Health Interventions (ACHI), Australian Coding Standards (ACS). Clinical coding is a specialised skill requiring excellent knowledge of medical terminology and disease processes, attention to detail, and analytical skills.[23] What does clinical coder do?[edit] A clinical coder is responsible for abstracting relevant information from the medical record and deciding which diagnoses and procedures meet criteria for coding as per Australian and State Coding Standards. The coder then assigns codes for these diagnoses and procedures based on ICD-10-AM conventions and standards.[23] What is coded data used for?[edit] The assigned codes and other patient data are processed by grouper software to determine a diagnosis-related group (DRG) for the episode of care, which is used for funding and reimbursement. This process allows hospital episodes to be grouped into meaningful categories, helping us to better match patient needs to health care resources.[24] See also[edit] Acronyms in healthcare Ambulatory Payment Classification, US billing system for outpatient services Biological database Classification of mental disorders Clinical coder German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information Health information management Health informatics Human resources for health information system List of international common standards Medical dictionary North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (professional organization) Nosology External links[edit] WHO Family of International Classifications official site Medical terminologies at the National Library of Medicine [show] v t e Medical classification [hide] v t e Health informatics Health information management  Electronic health record Personal health record Clinic management system Hospital information system DICOM Health information technology Regional Health Information Organization Computerized physician order entry subdisciplines  Bioinformatics Translational medicine Computational biology Public health informatics Medical classification  ICD LOINC HRHIS Continuity of Care Record ISO 27799 Professional organizations  International Medical Informatics Association Australasian College of Health Informatics Brazilian Society of Health Informatics Indian Association for Medical Informatics American Medical Informatics Association European Federation for Medical Informatics other concepts  Health Level 7 List of medical and health informatics journals Categories: Medical classification Nursing classification ------------------------ SOME GENERAL INFO ABOUT Medical diagnosis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Radiography is an important tool in diagnosis of certain disorders. Medical diagnosis (often abbreviated dx or Dx) is diagnosis in the field of medicine, that is, the determination of which disease or condition is causing a person's signs and symptoms. It is called simply diagnosis when the medical context is implicit. Both the process of determining which disease or condition is present and the conclusion that is reached by this process are called "diagnosis" (for example, the process of diagnosis can yield a diagnosis of strep throat). The foundation of diagnosis is always the information from the history and the physical examination, but often one or more diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic tests, are also done during the process. Diagnosis is often challenging, because many signs and symptoms are nonspecific. For example, redness of the skin (erythema), by itself, is a sign of many disorders and thus doesn't tell the physician what is wrong. Thus differential diagnosis, in which several possible explanations are compared and contrasted, must be performed. This involves the correlation of various pieces of information followed by the recognition and differentiation of patterns. Occasionally the process is made easy by a sign or symptom (or a group of several) that is pathognomonic. Diagnosis is a major component of the procedure of a doctor's visit. From the point of view of statistics, the diagnostic procedure involves classification tests. Contents  [hide] 1 History and etymology 1.1 Diagnostic procedures 1.2 Diagnostic opinion 2 Indication for diagnostic procedure 3 General components 4 Specific methods 4.1 Differential diagnosis 4.2 Pattern recognition 4.3 Diagnostic criteria 4.4 Clinical decision support system 4.5 Other diagnostic procedure methods 5 Diagnostic opinion and its effects 6 Additional types of diagnosis 7 Overdiagnosis 8 Errors 9 Lag time 10 See also 10.1 Lists 11 References 12 External links History and etymology[edit] Main article: History of medical diagnosis The history of medical diagnosis began in earnest from the days of Imhotep in ancient Egypt and Hippocrates in ancient Greece. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, there are four diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation-olfaction, interrogation, and palpation.[1] A Babylonian medical textbook, the Diagnostic Handbook written by Esagil-kin-apli (fl. 1069-1046 BC), introduced the use of empiricism, logic and rationality in the diagnosis of an illness or disease.[2] The book made use of logical rules in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis.[3] Esagil-kin-apli described the symptoms for many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments along with their diagnosis and prognosis.[4] The plural of diagnosis is diagnoses, the verb is to diagnose, and a person who diagnoses is called a diagnostician. The word diagnosis /da?.?g'no?s?s/ is derived through Latin from the Greek word d?a?????s?e?, meaning to discern or distinguish.[5] The practice of diagnosis continues to be dominated by theories set down in the early 20th century.[citation needed] Medical diagnosis or the actual process of making a diagnosis is a cognitive process. A clinician uses several sources of data and puts the pieces of the puzzle together to make a diagnostic impression. The initial diagnostic impression can be a broad term describing a category of diseases instead of a specific disease or condition. After the initial diagnostic impression, the clinician obtains follow up tests and procedures to get more data to support or reject the original diagnosis and will attempt to narrow it down to a more specific level. Diagnostic procedures are the specific tools that the clinicians use to narrow the diagnostic possibilities. Diagnostic procedures[edit] A diagnosis, in the sense of diagnostic procedure, can be regarded as an attempt at classification of an individual's condition into separate and distinct categories that allow medical decisions about treatment and prognosis to be made. Subsequently, a diagnostic opinion is often described in terms of a disease or other condition, but in the case of a wrong diagnosis, the individual's actual disease or condition is not the same as the individual's diagnosis. A diagnostic procedure may be performed by various health care professionals such as a physician, physical therapist, optometrist, healthcare scientist, chiropractor, dentist, podiatrist, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant. This article uses diagnostician as any of these person categories. A diagnostic procedure (as well as the opinion reached thereby) does not necessarily involve elucidation of the etiology of the diseases or conditions of interest, that is, what caused the disease or condition. Such elucidation can be useful to optimize treatment, further specify the prognosis or prevent recurrence of the disease or condition in the future. Diagnostic opinion[edit] However, a diagnosis can take many forms.[6] It might be a matter of naming the disease, lesion, dysfunction or disability. It might be a management-naming or prognosis-naming exercise. It may indicate either degree of abnormality on a continuum or kind of abnormality in a classification. It’s influenced by non-medical factors such as power, ethics and financial incentives for patient or doctor. It can be a brief summation or an extensive formulation, even taking the form of a story or metaphor. It might be a means of communication such as a computer code through which it triggers payment, prescription, notification, information or advice. It might be pathogenic or salutogenic. It’s generally uncertain and provisional. Indication for diagnostic procedure[edit] The initial task is to detect a medical indication to perform a diagnostic procedure. Indications include: Detection of any deviation from what is known to be normal, such as can be described in terms of, for example, anatomy (the structure of the human body), physiology (how the body works), pathology (what can go wrong with the anatomy and physiology), psychology (thought and behavior) and human homeostasis (regarding mechanisms to keep body systems in balance). Knowledge of what is normal and measuring of the patient's current condition against those norms can assist in determining the patient's particular departure from homeostasis and the degree of departure, which in turn can assist in quantifying the indication for further diagnostic processing. A complaint expressed by a patient. The fact that a patient has sought a diagnostician can itself be an indication to perform a diagnostic procedure. Therefore, in, for example, a doctor's visit, the physician may already start performing a diagnostic procedure by, for example, watching the gait of the patient from the waiting room to the doctor's office even before she or he has started to present any complaints. Even during an already ongoing diagnostic procedure, there can be an indication to perform another, separate, diagnostic procedure for another, potentially concomitant, disease or condition. This may occur as a result of an incidental finding of a sign unrelated to the parameter of interest, such as can occur in comprehensive tests such as radiological studies like magnetic resonance imaging or blood test panels that also include blood tests that are not relevant for the ongoing diagnosis. General components[edit] General components, which are present in a diagnostic procedure in most of the various available methods include: Complementing the already given information with further data gathering, which may include questions of the medical history (potentially from other people close to the patient as well), physical examination and various diagnostic tests. A diagnostic test is any kind of medical test performed to aid in the diagnosis or detection of disease. Diagnostic tests can also be used to provide prognostic information on people with established disease.[7] Processing of the answers, findings or other results. Consultations with other providers and specialists in the field may be sought. Specific methods[edit] There are a number of methods or techniques that can be used in a diagnostic procedure, including performing a differential diagnosis or following medical algorithms.[8] In reality, a diagnostic procedure may involve components of multiple methods.[9] Differential diagnosis[edit] Main article: Differential diagnosis The method of differential diagnosis is based on finding as many candidate diseases or conditions as possible that can possibly cause the signs or symptoms, followed by a process of elimination or at least of rendering the entries more or less probable by further medical tests and other processing until, aiming to reach the point where only one candidate disease or condition remains as probable. The final result may also remain a list of possible conditions, ranked in order of probability or severity. The resultant diagnostic opinion by this method can be regarded more or less as a diagnosis of exclusion. Even if it doesn't result in a single probable disease or condition, it can at least rule out any imminently life-threatening conditions. Unless the provider is certain of the condition present, further medical tests, such as medical imaging, are performed or scheduled in part to confirm or disprove the diagnosis but also to document the patient's status and keep the patient's medical history up to date. If unexpected findings are made during this process, the initial hypothesis may be ruled out and the provider must then consider other hypotheses. Pattern recognition[edit] In a pattern recognition method the provider uses experience to recognize a pattern of clinical characteristics.[8] It is mainly based on certain symptoms or signs being associated with certain diseases or conditions, not necessarily involving the more cognitive processing involved in a differential diagnosis. This may be the primary method used in cases where diseases are "obvious", or the provider's experience may enable him or her to recognize the condition quickly. Theoretically, a certain pattern of signs or symptoms can be directly associated with a certain therapy, even without a definite decision regarding what is the actual disease, but such a compromise carries a substantial risk of missing a diagnosis which actually has a different therapy so it may be limited to cases where no diagnosis can be made. Diagnostic criteria[edit] The term diagnostic criteria designates the specific combination of signs, symptoms, and test results that the clinician uses to attempt to determine the correct diagnosis. Some examples of diagnostic criteria are: Amsterdam criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis ACR criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus Centor criteria for strep throat Clinical decision support system[edit] Clinical decision support systems are interactive computer programs designed to assist health professionals with decision-making tasks. The clinician interacts with the software utilizing both the clinician’s knowledge and the software to make a better analysis of the patients data than either human or software could make on their own. Typically the system makes suggestions for the clinician to look through and the clinician picks useful information and removes erroneous suggestions.[10] Other diagnostic procedure methods[edit] Other methods that can be used in performing a diagnostic procedure include: An example of a medical algorithm for assessment and treatment of overweight and obesity. Usage of medical algorithms An "exhaustive method", in which every possible question is asked and all possible data is collected.[8] Use of a sensory pill that collects and transmits physiological information after being swallowed.[11] Using optical coherence tomography to produce detailed images of the brain or other soft tissue, through a "window" made of zirconia that has been modified to be transparent and implanted in the skull.[12] Diagnostic opinion and its effects[edit] Once a diagnostic opinion has been reached, the provider is able to propose a management plan, which will include treatment as well as plans for follow-up. From this point on, in addition to treating the patient's condition, the provider can educate the patient about the etiology, progression, prognosis, other outcomes, and possible treatments of her or his ailments, as well as providing advice for maintaining health. A treatment plan is proposed which may include therapy and follow-up consultations and tests to monitor the condition and the progress of the treatment, if needed, usually according to the medical guidelines provided by the medical field on the treatment of the particular illness. Relevant information should be added to the medical record of the patient. A failure to respond to treatments that would normally work may indicate a need for review of the diagnosis. Additional types of diagnosis[edit] Sub-types of diagnoses include: Clinical diagnosis A diagnosis made on the basis of medical signs and patient-reported symptoms, rather than diagnostic tests Laboratory diagnosis A diagnosis based significantly on laboratory reports or test results, rather than the physical examination of the patient. For instance, a proper diagnosis of infectious diseases usually requires both an examination of signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory characteristics of the pathogen involved. Radiology diagnosis A diagnosis based primarily on the results from medical imaging studies. Greenstick fractures are common radiological diagnoses. Principal diagnosis The single medical diagnosis that is most relevant to the patient's chief complaint or need for treatment. Many patients have additional diagnoses. Admitting diagnosis The diagnosis given as the reason why the patient was admitted to the hospital; it may differ from the actual problem or from the discharge diagnoses, which are the diagnoses recorded when the patient is discharged from the hospital. Differential diagnosis A process of identifying all of the possible diagnoses that could be connected to the signs, symptoms, and lab findings, and then ruling out diagnoses until a final determination can be made. Diagnostic criteria Designates the combination of signs, symptoms, and test results that the clinician uses to attempt to determine the correct diagnosis. They are standards, normally published by international committees, and they are designed to offer the best sensitivity and specificity possible, respect the presence of a condition, with the state-of-the-art technology. Prenatal diagnosis Diagnosis work done before birth Diagnosis of exclusion A medical condition whose presence cannot be established with complete confidence from either examination or testing. Diagnosis is therefore by elimination of all other reasonable possibilities. Dual diagnosis The diagnosis of two related, but separate, medical conditions or co-morbidities; the term almost always refers to a diagnosis of a serious mental illness and a substance addiction. Self-diagnosis The diagnosis or identification of a medical conditions in oneself. Self-diagnosis is very common and typically accurate for everyday conditions, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, and headlice. Remote diagnosis A type of telemedicine that diagnosis a patient without being physically in the same room as the patient. Nursing diagnosis Rather than focusing on biological processes, a nursing diagnosis identifies people's responses to situations in their lives, such as a readiness to change or a willingness to accept assistance. Computer-aided diagnosis Providing symptoms allows the computer to identify the problem and diagnose the user to the best of its ability. Health screening begins by identifying the part of the body where the symptoms are located; the computer cross-references a database for the corresponding disease and presents a diagnosis.[13] Overdiagnosis The diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms, distress, or death during a patient's lifetime Wastebasket diagnosis A vague, or even completely fake, medical or psychiatric label given to the patient or to the medical records department for essentially non-medical reasons, such as to reassure the patient by providing an official-sounding label, to make the provider look effective, or to obtain approval for treatment. This term is also used as a derogatory label for disputed, poorly described, overused, or questionably classified diagnoses, such as pouchitis and senility, or to dismiss diagnoses that amount to overmedicalization, such as the labeling of normal responses to physical hunger as reactive hypoglycemia. Retrospective diagnosis The labeling of an illness in a historical figure or specific historical event using modern knowledge, methods and disease classifications. Overdiagnosis[edit] Main article: Overdiagnosis Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's lifetime. It is a problem because it turns people into patients unnecessarily and because it can lead to economic waste (overutilization) and treatments that may cause harm. Overdiagnosis occurs when a disease is diagnosed correctly, but the diagnosis is irrelevant. A correct diagnosis may be irrelevant because treatment for the disease is not available, not needed, or not wanted. Errors[edit] Further information: Medical error Causes and factors of error in diagnosis are:[14] the manifestation of disease are not sufficiently noticeable a disease is omitted from consideration too much significance is given to some aspect of the diagnosis the condition is a rare disease with symptoms suggestive of many other conditions the condition has a rare presentation Lag time[edit] When making a medical diagnosis, a lag time is a delay in time until a step towards diagnosis of a disease or condition is made. Types of lag times are mainly: Onset-to-medical encounter lag time, the time from onset of symptoms until visiting a health care provider[15] Encounter-to-diagnosis lag time, the time from first medical encounter to diagnosis[15] See also[edit] Diagnosis codes Diagnosis-related group Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Doctor-patient relationship Etiology (medicine) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) Medical classification Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Misdiagnosis and medical error Nosology Nursing diagnosis Pathogenesis Pathology Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Lists[edit] List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry List of diseases List of disorders List of medical symptoms Category:Diseases External links[edit]  Look up diagnosis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. How A Diagnosis Works [show] v t e Basic medical terms used to describe disease conditions [show] v t e Medical examination and history taking [show] v t e Health care Categories: Medical diagnosis Medical terminology Nosology Advanced practice registered nursing --------------------- SOME GENERAL INFO ABOUT Nosology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) Nosology (from Ancient Greek ??s?? (nosos), meaning "disease", and -????a (-logia), meaning "study of-") is a branch of medicine that deals with classification of diseases. Contents  [hide] 1 Types of classification 2 History 3 Applications 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Types of classification[edit] Diseases may be classified by etiology (cause), pathogenesis (mechanism by which the disease is caused), or by symptom(s). Alternatively, diseases may be classified according to the organ system involved, though this is often complicated since many diseases affect more than one organ. A chief difficulty in nosology is that diseases often cannot be defined and classified clearly, especially when etiology or pathogenesis are unknown. Thus diagnostic terms often only reflect a symptom or set of symptoms (syndrome). Disease is not a fixed entity but an ever changing process like that of life itself. Disease is an abstraction made by our mental concept;the factual reality is the diseased person. Must read Classification of disease by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (Father of Homeopathy) History[edit] The Ayurveda is a collection of early Indian works about medicine. In China the Huangdi Neijing is another ancient text. In the West, Hippocrates was one of the earliest writers on the subject of disease. The book of Leviticus also includes an early discussion of the treatment of skin diseases. See Metzora (parsha) In the 10th century the Arabian psychologist Najab ud-din Unhammad classified a nosology of nine major categories of mental disorders, which included 30 different mental illnesses in total. Some of the categories he described included obsessive-compulsive disorders, delusional disorders, degenerative diseases, involutional melancholia, and states of abnormal excitement.[1][verification needed] In the 18th century, the taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus, Francois Boissier de Sauvages, and psychiatrist Philippe Pinel developed an early classification of physical illnesses. Thomas Sydenham's work in the late 17th century might also be considered a nosology. In the 19th century, Emil Kraepelin and then Jacques Bertillon developed their own nosologies. Bertillon's work, classifying causes of death, was a precursor of the modern code system, the International Classification of Diseases. The early nosological efforts grouped diseases by their symptoms, whereas modern systems (e.g. SNOMED) focus on grouping diseases by the anatomy and etiology involved. Applications[edit] Nosology is used extensively in public health, to allow epidemiological studies of public health issues. Analysis of death certificates requires nosological coding of causes of death. Nosological classifications are used in medical administration, such as filing of health insurance claims, and patient records, among others See also[edit] Clinical coder Differential diagnosis International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) ICD-10 (ICD 10th Revision) Medical classification Pathology (study of disease) Category:Diseases and disorders (Wikipedia's categorization of diseases) References[edit] Jump up ^ Millon, Theodore (2004), Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from Ancient Times to the New Millennium, John Wiley & Sons, p. 38, ISBN 978-0-471-46985-8 External links[edit] Gordon L. Snider, Nosology for Our Day Its Application to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 167. pp. 678–683, (2003). fulltext C. S. Herrman, The Bipolar Spectrum, SSRN (Social Science Research Network, 5 August 2010) [1] Nosology.net: An online resource for nosologic diagnostic systems. This site also demonstrates how the proposed system can be used currently in Neurology and Psychiatry International Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization. [2] Categories: Medical terminology Nosology --------------------- SOME GENERAL INFO ABOUT Experiment From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Laboratory Tests) "Experimental" redirects here. For the musical classification, see Experimental music. For other uses, see Experiment (disambiguation). Even very young children perform rudimentary experiments in order to learn about the world. An experiment is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Controlled experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Controlled experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist natural experimental studies. A child may carry out basic experiments to understand the nature of gravity, while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance the understanding of a phenomenon. Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural comparisons (e.g. tasting a range of chocolates to find a favorite), to highly controlled (e.g. tests requiring complex apparatus overseen by many scientists that hope to discover information about subatomic particles). Uses of experiments vary considerably between the natural and human sciences. Contents  [hide] 1 Overview 2 History 3 Types of experiment 3.1 Controlled experiments 3.2 Natural experiments 3.3 Field experiments 4 Contrast with observational study 5 Ethics 6 Experimental method in Law 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview[edit] In the scientific method, an experiment is an empirical method that arbitrates between competing models or hypotheses.[1][2] Experimentation is also used to test existing theories or new hypotheses in order to support them or disprove them.[3][4] An experiment usually tests a hypothesis, which is an expectation about how a particular process or phenomenon works. However, an experiment may also aim to answer a "what-if" question, without a specific expectation about what the experiment will reveal, or to confirm prior results. If an experiment is carefully conducted, the results usually either support or disprove the hypothesis. According to some Philosophies of science, an experiment can never "prove" a hypothesis, it can only add support. Similarly, an experiment that provides a counterexample can disprove a theory or hypothesis. An experiment must also control the possible confounding factors—any factors that would mar the accuracy or repeatability of the experiment or the ability to interpret the results. Confounding is commonly eliminated through scientific control and/or, in randomized experiments, through random assignment. In engineering and other physical sciences, experiments are a primary component of the scientific method. They are used to test theories and hypotheses about how physical processes work under particular conditions (e.g., whether a particular engineering process can produce a desired chemical compound). Typically, experiments in these fields will focus on replication of identical procedures in hopes of producing identical results in each replication. Random assignment is uncommon. In medicine and the social sciences, the prevalence of experimental research varies widely across disciplines. When used, however, experiments typically follow the form of the clinical trial, where experimental units (usually individual human beings) are randomly assigned to a treatment or control condition where one or more outcomes are assessed.[5] In contrast to norms in the physical sciences, the focus is typically on the average treatment effect (the difference in outcomes between the treatment and control groups) or another test statistic produced by the experiment.[6] A single study will typically not involve replications of the experiment, but separate studies may be aggregated through systematic review and meta-analysis. Of course, these differences between experimental practice in each of the branches of science have exceptions. For example, agricultural research frequently uses randomized experiments (e.g., to test the comparative effectiveness of different fertilizers). Similarly, experimental economics often involves experimental tests of theorized human behaviors without relying on random assignment of individuals to treatment and control conditions.[7] History[edit] Main article: History of experiments Frontispiece of book showing two persons in robes, one holding a geometrical diagram, the other holding a telescope. Hevelius's Selenographia, showing Alhasen [sic] representing reason, and Galileo representing the senses. “ The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and,.. attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. ” —Alhazen, [8] One aspect associated with the optical research of Alhazen (c. 965 – c. 1040 CE) relates to systemic and methodological reliance on experimentation (i'tibar)(Arabic: ??????) and controlled testing in his scientific inquiries. Moreover, his experimental directives rested on combining classical physics (ilm tabi'i) with mathematics (ta'alim; geometry in particular). This mathematical-physical approach to experimental science supported most of his propositions in Kitab al-Manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus or Perspectivae) and grounded his theories of vision, light and colour, as well as his research in catoptrics and in dioptrics (the study of the refraction of light).[9] Bradley Steffens in his book Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist has argued that Alhazen's approach to testing and experimentation made an important contribution to the scientific method. According to Matthias Schramm, Alhazen: was the first to make a systematic use of the method of varying the experimental conditions in a constant and uniform manner, in an experiment showing that the intensity of the light-spot formed by the projection of the moonlight through two small apertures onto a screen diminishes constantly as one of the apertures is gradually blocked up.[10] G. J. Toomer expressed some skepticism regarding Schramm's view, arguing that caution is needed to avoid reading anachronistically particular passages in Alhazen's very large body of work, and while acknowledging Alhazen's importance in developing experimental techniques, argued that he should not be considered in isolation from other Islamic and ancient thinkers.[11] Francis Bacon (1561–1626), an English philosopher and scientist active in the 17th century, became an early and influential supporter of experimental science. He disagreed with the method of answering scientific questions by deduction and described it as follows: "Having first determined the question according to his will, man then resorts to experience, and bending her to conformity with his placets, leads her about like a captive in a procession."[12] Bacon wanted a method that relied on repeatable observations, or experiments. Notably, he first ordered the scientific method as we understand it today. There remains simple experience; which, if taken as it comes, is called accident, if sought for, experiment. The true method of experience first lights the candle [hypothesis], and then by means of the candle shows the way [arranges and delimits the experiment]; commencing as it does with experience duly ordered and digested, not bungling or erratic, and from it deducing axioms [theories], and from established axioms again new experiments. — Francis Bacon. Novum Organum. 1620.[13] In the centuries that followed, people who applied the scientific method in different areas made important advances and discoveries. For example, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) accurately measured time and experimented to make accurate measurements and conclusions about the speed of a falling body. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794), a French chemist, used experiment to describe new areas, such as combustion and biochemistry and to develop the theory of conservation of mass (matter).[14] Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) used the scientific method to disprove the prevailing theory of spontaneous generation and to develop the germ theory of disease.[15] Because of the importance of controlling potentially confounding variables, the use of well-designed laboratory experiments is preferred when possible. A considerable amount of progress on the design and analysis of experiments occurred in the early 20th century, with contributions from statisticians such as Ronald Fisher (1890-1962), Jerzy Neyman (1894-1981), Oscar Kempthorne (1919-2000), Gertrude Mary Cox (1900-1978), and William Gemmell Cochran (1909-1980), among others. This early work has largely been synthesized[by whom?] under the label of the Rubin causal model, which formalizes earlier statistical approaches to the analysis of experiments. Types of experiment[edit] Experiments might be categorized according to a number of dimensions, depending upon professional norms and standards in different fields of study. In some disciplines (e.g., Psychology or Political Science), a 'true experiment' is a method of social research in which there are two kinds of variables. The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter, and the dependent variable is measured. The signifying characteristic of a true experiment is that it randomly allocates the subjects in order to neutralize the potential for experimenter bias and ensures, over a large number of iterations of the experiment, that all confounding factors are controlled for.[16][17] Controlled experiments[edit] Main article: Scientific control Main article: Design of experiments A controlled experiment often compares the results obtained from experimental samples against control samples, which are practically identical to the experimental sample except for the one aspect whose effect is being tested (the independent variable). A good example would be a drug trial. The sample or group receiving the drug would be the experimental group (treatment group); and the one receiving the placebo or regular treatment would be the control one. In many laboratory experiments it is good practice to have several replicate samples for the test being performed and have both a positive control and a negative control. The results from replicate samples can often be averaged, or if one of the replicates is obviously inconsistent with the results from the other samples, it can be discarded as being the result of an experimental error (some step of the test procedure may have been mistakenly omitted for that sample). Most often, tests are done in duplicate or triplicate. A positive control is a procedure that is very similar to the actual experimental test but which is known from previous experience to give a positive result. A negative control is known to give a negative result. The positive control confirms that the basic conditions of the experiment were able to produce a positive result, even if none of the actual experimental samples produce a positive result. The negative control demonstrates the base-line result obtained when a test does not produce a measurable positive result. Most often the value of the negative control is treated as a "background" value to be subtracted from the test sample results. Sometimes the positive control takes the quadrant of a standard curve. An example that is often used in teaching laboratories is a controlled protein assay. Students might be given a fluid sample containing an unknown (to the student) amount of protein. It is their job to correctly perform a controlled experiment in which they determine the concentration of protein in fluid sample (usually called the "unknown sample"). The teaching lab would be equipped with a protein standard solution with a known protein concentration. Students could make several positive control samples containing various dilutions of the protein standard. Negative control samples would contain all of the reagents for the protein assay but no protein. In this example, all samples are performed in duplicate. The assay is a colorimetric assay in which a spectrophotometer can measure the amount of protein in samples by detecting a colored complex formed by the interaction of protein molecules and molecules of an added dye. In the illustration, the results for the diluted test samples can be compared to the results of the standard curve (the blue line in the illustration) in order to determine an estimate of the amount of protein in the unknown sample. Controlled experiments can be performed when it is difficult to exactly control all the conditions in an experiment. In this case, the experiment begins by creating two or more sample groups that are probabilistically equivalent, which means that measurements of traits should be similar among the groups and that the groups should respond in the same manner if given the same treatment. This equivalency is determined by statistical methods that take into account the amount of variation between individuals and the number of individuals in each group. In fields such as microbiology and chemistry, where there is very little variation between individuals and the group size is easily in the millions, these statistical methods are often bypassed and simply splitting a solution into equal parts is assumed to produce identical sample groups. Once equivalent groups have been formed, the experimenter tries to treat them identically except for the one variable that he or she wishes to isolate. Human experimentation requires special safeguards against outside variables such as the placebo effect. Such experiments are generally double blind, meaning that neither the volunteer nor the researcher knows which individuals are in the control group or the experimental group until after all of the data have been collected. This ensures that any effects on the volunteer are due to the treatment itself and are not a response to the knowledge that he is being treated. In human experiments, a subject (person) may be given a stimulus to which he or she should respond. The goal of the experiment is to measure the response to a given stimulus by a test method. Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 In the design of experiments, two or more "treatments" are applied to estimate the difference between the mean responses for the treatments. For example, an experiment on baking bread could estimate the difference in the responses associated with quantitative variables, such as the ratio of water to flour, and with qualitative variables, such as strains of yeast. Experimentation is the step in the scientific method that helps people decide between two or more competing explanations – or hypotheses. These hypotheses suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon, or predict the results of an action. An example might be the hypothesis that "if I release this ball, it will fall to the floor": this suggestion can then be tested by carrying out the experiment of letting go of the ball, and observing the results. Formally, a hypothesis is compared against its opposite or null hypothesis ("if I release this ball, it will not fall to the floor"). The null hypothesis is that there is no explanation or predictive power of the phenomenon through the reasoning that is being investigated. Once hypotheses are defined, an experiment can be carried out - and the results analysed - in order to confirm, refute, or define the accuracy of the hypotheses. Natural experiments[edit] Main article: Natural experiment The term "experiment" usually implies a controlled experiment, but sometimes controlled experiments are prohibitively difficult or impossible. In this case researchers resort to natural experiments or quasi-experiments.[18] Natural experiments rely solely on observations of the variables of the system under study, rather than manipulation of just one or a few variables as occurs in controlled experiments. To the degree possible, they attempt to collect data for the system in such a way that contribution from all variables can be determined, and where the effects of variation in certain variables remain approximately constant so that the effects of other variables can be discerned. The degree to which this is possible depends on the observed correlation between explanatory variables in the observed data. When these variables are not well correlated, natural experiments can approach the power of controlled experiments. Usually, however, there is some correlation between these variables, which reduces the reliability of natural experiments relative to what could be concluded if a controlled experiment were performed. Also, because natural experiments usually take place in uncontrolled environments, variables from undetected sources are neither measured nor held constant, and these may produce illusory correlations in variables under study. Much research in several important science disciplines, including economics, political science, geology, paleontology, ecology, meteorology, and astronomy, relies on quasi-experiments. For example, in astronomy it is clearly impossible, when testing the hypothesis "suns are collapsed clouds of hydrogen", to start out with a giant cloud of hydrogen, and then perform the experiment of waiting a few billion years for it to form a sun. However, by observing various clouds of hydrogen in various states of collapse, and other implications of the hypothesis (for example, the presence of various spectral emissions from the light of stars), we can collect data we require to support the hypothesis. An early example of this type of experiment was the first verification in the 17th century that light does not travel from place to place instantaneously, but instead has a measurable speed. Observation of the appearance of the moons of Jupiter were slightly delayed when Jupiter was farther from Earth, as opposed to when Jupiter was closer to Earth; and this phenomenon was used to demonstrate that the difference in the time of appearance of the moons was consistent with a measurable speed. Field experiments[edit] Main article: Field experiment Field experiments are so named in order to draw a contrast with laboratory experiments, which enforce scientific control by testing a hypothesis in the artificial and highly controlled setting of a laboratory. Often used in the social sciences, and especially in economic analyses of education and health interventions, field experiments have the advantage that outcomes are observed in a natural setting rather than in a contrived laboratory environment. For this reason, field experiments are sometimes seen as having higher external validity than laboratory experiments. However, like natural experiments, field experiments suffer from the possibility of contamination: experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision and certainty in the lab. Yet some phenomena (e.g., voter turnout in an election) cannot be easily studied in a laboratory. Contrast with observational study[edit] An observational study is used when it is impractical, unethical, cost-prohibitive (or otherwise inefficient) to fit a physical or social system into a laboratory setting, to completely control confounding factors, or to apply random assignment. It can also be used when confounding factors are either limited or known well enough to analyze the data in light of them (though this may be rare when social phenomena are under examination). In order for an observational science to be valid, confounding factors must be known and accounted for. In these situations, observational studies have value because they often suggest hypotheses that can be tested with randomized experiments or by collecting fresh data. Fundamentally, however, observational studies are not experiments. By definition, observational studies lack the manipulation required for Baconian experiments. In addition, observational studies (e.g., in biological or social systems) often involve variables that are difficult to quantify or control. Observational studies are limited because they lack the statistical properties of randomized experiments. In a randomized experiment, the method of randomization specified in the experimental protocol guides the statistical analysis, which is usually specified also by the experimental protocol.[19] Without a statistical model that reflects an objective randomization, the statistical analysis relies on a subjective model.[19] Inferences from subjective models are unreliable in theory and practice.[20] In fact, there are several cases where carefully conducted observational studies consistently give wrong results, that is, where the results of the observational studies are inconsistent and also differ from the results of experiments. For example, epidemiological studies of colon cancer consistently show beneficial correlations with broccoli consumption, while experiments find no benefit.[21] A particular problem with observational studies involving human subjects is the great difficulty attaining fair comparisons between treatments (or exposures), because such studies are prone to selection bias, and groups receiving different treatments (exposures) may differ greatly according to their covariates (age, height, weight, medications, exercise, nutritional status, ethnicity, family medical history, etc.). In contrast, randomization implies that for each covariate, the mean for each group is expected to be the same. For any randomized trial, some variation from the mean is expected, of course, but the randomization ensures that the experimental groups have mean values that are close, due to the central limit theorem and Markov's inequality. With inadequate randomization or low sample size, the systematic variation in covariates between the treatment groups (or exposure groups) makes it difficult to separate the effect of the treatment (exposure) from the effects of the other covariates, most of which have not been measured. The mathematical models used to analyze such data must consider each differing covariate (if measured), and the results will not be meaningful if a covariate is neither randomized nor included in the model. To avoid conditions that render an experiment far less useful, physicians conducting medical trials, say for U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, will quantify and randomize the covariates that can be identified. Researchers attempt to reduce the biases of observational studies with complicated statistical methods such as propensity score matching methods, which require large populations of subjects and extensive information on covariates. Outcomes are also quantified when possible (bone density, the amount of some cell or substance in the blood, physical strength or endurance, etc.) and not based on a subject's or a professional observer's opinion. In this way, the design of an observational study can render the results more objective and therefore, more convincing. Ethics[edit] Main article: Research ethics By placing the distribution of the independent variable(s) under the control of the researcher, an experiment - particularly when it involves human subjects - introduces potential ethical considerations, such as balancing benefit and harm, fairly distributing interventions (e.g., treatments for a disease), and informed consent. For example in psychology or health care, it is unethical to provide a substandard treatment to patients. Therefore, ethical review boards are supposed to stop clinical trials and other experiments unless a new treatment is believed to offer benefits as good as current best practice.[22] It is also generally unethical (and often illegal) to conduct randomized experiments on the effects of substandard or harmful treatments, such as the effects of ingesting arsenic on human health. To understand the effects of such exposures, scientists sometimes use observational studies to understand the effects of those factors. Even when experimental research does not directly involve human subjects, it may still present ethical concerns. For example, the nuclear bomb experiments conducted by the Manhattan Project implied the use of nuclear reactions to harm human beings even though the experiments did not directly involve any human subjects. Experimental method in Law[edit] The experimental method can be useful in solving juridical problems (R. Zippelius, Die experimentierende Methode im Recht, 1991, ISBN 3-515-05901-6). See also[edit] Design of experiments Experimental physics List of experiments Long-term experiment Concept development and experimentation Further reading[edit] Dunning, Thad. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences: A Design-Based Approach. Cambridge University Press. Shadish, William R., Thomas D. Cook, and Donald T. Campbell. (2001) Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-61556-9 Excerpts Teigen, Jeremy. 2014. "Experimental Methods in Military and Veteran Studies." in Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies edited by Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and Rietjens, Sebastiaan. pp.228 - 238. New York: Routledge. External links[edit] Library resources about Experiment Resources in your library Lessons In Electric Circuits - Volume VI - Experiments Description of weird experiments (with film clips) Science Experiments for Kids Science Project ideas Experiment in Physics from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Kids Science Experiments [show] v t e Design of experiments [show] v t e Statistics Categories: ResearchDesign of experimentsScience experimentsEvaluation methodsCausal inferenceExperiments THANKS FOR LOOKING!!! tele
Condition Used :
An item that has been used previously. The item may have some signs of cosmetic wear, but is fully operational and functions as intended. This item may be a floor model or store return that has been used. See the seller’s listing for full details and description of any imperfections.
Seller Notes “EXCELLENT CONDITION”

Directions

Similar products from Other Equipment for Particular Medical Areas

NEW DEVILBISS Medicinal Clear Glass Atomizer Model 15

NEW DEVILBISS Medicinal Clear Glass Atomizer Model 15

  • Waynesville, Missouri, United States
  • Jan 30th
DEVILBISS Medicinal Clear Glass Atomizer Model 15 Good Condition

DEVILBISS Medicinal Clear Glass Atomizer Model 15 Good Condition

  • Waynesville, Missouri, United States
  • Jan 30th
2001 VASOSOLUTIONS VASOMEDICAL EECP-MC2 ENHANCED EXTERNAL COUNTERPULSATION SYS.

2001 VASOSOLUTIONS VASOMEDICAL EECP-MC2 ENHANCED EXTERNAL COUNTERPULSATION SYS.

  • Rosemount, Minnesota, United States
  • Jan 30th
Reusable mouthpieces for CONTEC Digital Spirometer CMS-SP10\SP10W,Pack of 50pcs

Reusable mouthpieces for CONTEC Digital Spirometer CMS-SP10\SP10W,Pack of 50pcs

  • Qinhuangdao, China
  • Jan 30th
2005 Siemens Sonoline G20 Ultrasound System W/ C5-2 Convex Transducer & Printer

2005 Siemens Sonoline G20 Ultrasound System W/ C5-2 Convex Transducer & Printer

  • Rosemount, Minnesota, United States
  • Jan 30th
Philips Agilent HP Sonos 5500 Ultrasound W/ S4 / S12 / 11-3L Probe & Footswitch

Philips Agilent HP Sonos 5500 Ultrasound W/ S4 / S12 / 11-3L Probe & Footswitch

  • Rosemount, Minnesota, United States
  • Jan 30th
DermaMed Solutions MegaPeel Platinum Series microdermabrasion system

DermaMed Solutions MegaPeel Platinum Series microdermabrasion system

  • Rosemount, Minnesota, United States
  • Jan 30th
Cardinal Health Presource Custom Sterile IV Starter Kit 01-3423A Exp. : 03-2014

Cardinal Health Presource Custom Sterile IV Starter Kit 01-3423A Exp. : 03-2014

  • Ronkonkoma, New York, United States
  • Jan 30th
RN+Systems 30 Day Wheelchair Sensor #BPP-30WC Lot Of 5

RN+Systems 30 Day Wheelchair Sensor #BPP-30WC Lot Of 5

  • Sebastian, Florida, United States
  • Jan 30th
Refurbished GE LOGIQ 9 W/ 7L Linear 10S Sector i12L Linear & 3.5C Convex Probes

Refurbished GE LOGIQ 9 W/ 7L Linear 10S Sector i12L Linear & 3.5C Convex Probes

  • Rosemount, Minnesota, United States
  • Jan 30th
?THE PHYSIOLOGY COLORING BOOK:MEDICAL,OSTEOPATHY LEARN ANATOMY,ILLUSTRATED STUDY

?THE PHYSIOLOGY COLORING BOOK:MEDICAL,OSTEOPATHY LEARN ANATOMY,ILLUSTRATED STUDY

  • Canton, Massachusetts, United States
  • Jan 30th
?THE ANATOMY COLORING BOOK:MEDICAL,OSTEOPATHY LEARN PHYSIOLOGY,ILLUSTRATED STUDY

?THE ANATOMY COLORING BOOK:MEDICAL,OSTEOPATHY LEARN PHYSIOLOGY,ILLUSTRATED STUDY

  • Canton, Massachusetts, United States
  • Jan 30th
ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACOLOGY FOR HEALTH OCCUPATIONS:RX BOOK+CD PHYSIOLOGY,PHARMACY

ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACOLOGY FOR HEALTH OCCUPATIONS:RX BOOK+CD PHYSIOLOGY,PHARMACY

  • Canton, Massachusetts, United States
  • Jan 30th
STUDENT WORK BOOK:MEDICAL ASSISTING: ADMINISTRATIVE CLINICAL PROCEDURES:ANATOMY

STUDENT WORK BOOK:MEDICAL ASSISTING: ADMINISTRATIVE CLINICAL PROCEDURES:ANATOMY

  • Canton, Massachusetts, United States
  • Jan 30th
Reusable mouthpieces for CONTEC Digital Spirometer CMS-SP10\SP10W,Pack of 100pcs

Reusable mouthpieces for CONTEC Digital Spirometer CMS-SP10\SP10W,Pack of 100pcs

  • Qinhuangdao, China
  • Jan 30th
TBJ STAINLESS STEEL FORMALIN DISPENSER SINK HOOD ENCLOSURE CABINET WORKSTATION

TBJ STAINLESS STEEL FORMALIN DISPENSER SINK HOOD ENCLOSURE CABINET WORKSTATION

  • Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
  • Jan 30th
Cooper Surgical Frigitronics Cryo-Plus Cervix Probe 2442, New

Cooper Surgical Frigitronics Cryo-Plus Cervix Probe 2442, New

  • Richmond, Virginia, United States
  • Jan 30th
RCI Conchatherm III Servo Controlled Heater 380-80R

RCI Conchatherm III Servo Controlled Heater 380-80R

  • Tualatin, Oregon, United States
  • Jan 30th
Cryomedics Cryosurgical System KR Med MT 600

Cryomedics Cryosurgical System KR Med MT 600

  • Sparkill, New York, United States
  • Jan 30th
Smith&nephew 7205322 Orbit Razorcut Blade 4.5mm ~ Lot of 4

Smith&nephew 7205322 Orbit Razorcut Blade 4.5mm ~ Lot of 4

  • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
  • Jan 30th

People who viewed this item also vieved

IDEXX Vision CR Digital Radiology System

IDEXX Vision CR Digital Radiology System

  • Antioch, California, United States
  • Mar 25th
FDA CE Veterianry VET Ultrasound Scanner machine W Convex Probe high quality

FDA CE Veterianry VET Ultrasound Scanner machine W Convex Probe high quality

  • Beijing, China
  • Mar 25th
FDA Veterianry Ultrasound Scanner machine Micro Convex Probe cardiac abdomen 3D

FDA Veterianry Ultrasound Scanner machine Micro Convex Probe cardiac abdomen 3D

  • Beijing, China
  • Mar 25th
PEGASYS ETHICON ENDO-SURGERY CAT # RF111 GENERATOR

PEGASYS ETHICON ENDO-SURGERY CAT # RF111 GENERATOR

  • Bosque Farms, New Mexico, United States
  • May 14th
DATEX OHMEDA Anesthesia Isoflurane Vaporizer Tec 7 1175-9101-000

DATEX OHMEDA Anesthesia Isoflurane Vaporizer Tec 7 1175-9101-000

  • Washington, District Of Columbia, United States
  • May 15th
Arthrex AR-1510FPR Femoral Right 7mm (Qty 1)

Arthrex AR-1510FPR Femoral Right 7mm (Qty 1)

  • Tarpon Springs, Florida, United States
  • May 15th
Abdominal Binder for Protection After Surgery and Support the Belly

Abdominal Binder for Protection After Surgery and Support the Belly

  • India, India
  • May 24th
Huge Lot of Arm & Wrist Splints (58 Boxes!!)

Huge Lot of Arm & Wrist Splints (58 Boxes!!)

  • Birmingham, Alabama, United States
  • May 25th
Codman Surgical Spinal Orthopedic 90° Up 3mm Lumbar Kerrison Rongeur 53-1415

Codman Surgical Spinal Orthopedic 90° Up 3mm Lumbar Kerrison Rongeur 53-1415

  • Ringle, Wisconsin, United States
  • May 26th
LOT OF 2x ULTRASOUND 1MHz & ELECTROTHERAPY 4CH PAIN REST DEEP HEAT TREATMENT UA6

LOT OF 2x ULTRASOUND 1MHz & ELECTROTHERAPY 4CH PAIN REST DEEP HEAT TREATMENT UA6

  • DELHI, DELHI, India
  • Jun 14th
Thera-Band Pro Series SCP Ball (Retail Pack), Green, 65cm

Thera-Band Pro Series SCP Ball (Retail Pack), Green, 65cm

  • Ramsey, New Jersey, United States
  • Jun 15th
Dynatron Dynatronics Ultrasound Muscle Stimulator Chiropractic Physical Therapy

Dynatron Dynatronics Ultrasound Muscle Stimulator Chiropractic Physical Therapy

  • Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
  • Jun 15th
NELLCOR PURITAN BENNETT STARTRACK Graphics Monitor/ TESTED

NELLCOR PURITAN BENNETT STARTRACK Graphics Monitor/ TESTED

  • Cypress, California, United States
  • May 24th
Madacylinder Oxygen Tank With Valve- Empty

Madacylinder Oxygen Tank With Valve- Empty

  • Tujunga, California, United States
  • May 24th
Broken Used Nebulizer Repairment

Broken Used Nebulizer Repairment

  • Columbus, Georgia, United States
  • May 24th
Chiropractor Handmade OOAK Woodburned Sign Plaque Office Decor Chiropractic

Chiropractor Handmade OOAK Woodburned Sign Plaque Office Decor Chiropractic

  • Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States
  • May 26th
Chiropractic Physical Therapy IASTM Soft Tissue Guasha Crossfit Graston Massage

Chiropractic Physical Therapy IASTM Soft Tissue Guasha Crossfit Graston Massage

  • Houston, Texas, United States
  • May 26th
Chiropractic Adjustment Physical Therapy Treatment & Massage Table Power Hi-Lo

Chiropractic Adjustment Physical Therapy Treatment & Massage Table Power Hi-Lo

  • Knights Landing, California, United States
  • May 26th

By clicking "Accept All Cookies", you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts.

Accept All Cookies